Società Italiana di Cancerologia
Associazione Italiana di Radioterapia Oncologica
Associazione Italiana di Oncologia Medica
Società Italiana di Chirurgia Oncologica
Volume 95
Numero 6
novembre-dicembre 2009
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titolo -
split_articolo,controlla_titolo
-
art_titolo
The effects of ultrasound and arsenic trioxide on neurogliocytoma cells and secondary activation of macrophages
autori -
vau_aut_id
Yonggang Xu, Yafang Zhang, Xiaoqian Liu, Zhi Wang, Jing Ma, Jie Wang, Wu Yue
affiliazione_autori -
ignora
1
Department of Neurosurgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University;
2
Department of Anatomy, Harbin Medical University;
3
Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
parolechiave -
lingua
-
vke_key_id
Key words:
neurogliocytoma, macrophage, cell death, ultrasound.
riassunto -
art_riassunto
abstract
Aims and background.
As a new technique for clinical therapeutics, ultrasound has synergistic effects on traditional chemotherapy. Arsenic trioxide (AS
2
O
3
), an apoptosis-inducing drug, has successfully been used in the treatment of some tumor types in recent years. Macrophages have both positive and negative effects on the occurrence and development of tumors. The aim of this study was to observe the effects of ultrasound and AS
2
O
3
on a glioma cell line and the secondary activation of macrophages by cell death, in order to provide a theoretical basis for the clinical application of AS
2
O
3
and ultrasound in glioma treatment.
Methods.
Different AS
2
O
3
concentrations were used solely or combined with ultrasound in rat glioma C6 cells to induce cell death. The degree of C6 cell death was determined by Annexin V-FITC and PI double staining. The intracellular arsenium concentration and the release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) from C6 cells were also measured. The supernatant of C6 cells was then used to stimulate macrophages. Finally, the activation of NF-
κ
B and the secretion of TNF-
α
and TGF-
β
1 by macrophages were determined.
Results.
The cell death increase in the group where ultrasound was used together with AS
2
O
3
was significantly higher than that obtained by either ultrasound or AS
2
O
3
. The increase was also significantly higher than the sum of the increases in the ultrasound and the AS
2
O
3
only groups. At the same AS
2
O
3
concentration,
additional treatment with ultrasound can significantly increase the intracellular arsenium concentration. The release of LDH from C6 cells showed a close, direct correlation with late apoptosis and necrosis, but did not exhibit an obvious correlation with early apoptosis. The activation of NF-
κ
B and the secretion of TNF-
α
and TGF-
β
1 in macrophages also showed a close direct correlation with late apoptosis and necrosis.
Conclusions.
This
in vitro
study demonstrates that ultrasound may synergistically enhance the cell-killing effect by promoting AS
2
O
3
to enter the C6 cells. Macrophages may be activated by killed C6 cells, especially by necrotic C6 cells.
testo -
art_testo
Introduction
Cerebral glioma shows the highest incidence rate among malignant intracranial tumors, the therapeutic efficacy of surgery is not satisfactory, and tumors show a tendency to recur after radiotherapy and chemotherapy
1
. Various biological behaviors, such as uncontrolled cell proliferation, tumor cell invasion and angiogenesis, constitute challenging problems in the therapeutic approach to neurogliocytomas
2
.
Even though ultrasonic therapy is a new multidisciplinary technology, it has been widely used in many applications since its appearance more than a decade ago, particularly in the treatment of tumors
3
. Some experiments show that ultrasound has synergistic effects on traditional chemotherapy
4
. Many drugs can exert their anticancer actions only after entering the cells, but some drug-resistant tumor cells can prevent the drugs from penetrating and thus avoid being destroyed
5
. Ultrasound can increase the intracellular bioaccumulation of drugs by increasing the membrane permeability in tumor cells and thus reducing the threshold values of cell death
6
.
Arsenic trioxide (AS
2
O
3
) has shown significant therapeutic effects and has been gradually accepted internationally since its first application in the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia by Harbin Medical University of China in 1992
7,8
. It has been approved by the US FDA for the treatment of recurred or refractory acute promyelocytic leukemia. Subsequently, AS
2
O
3
has been used for clinical treatment of other types of leukemia and has shown good therapeutic effects
9
. Its effectiveness in other malignant diseases such as liver cancer
10
and stomach cancer
11
was also experimentally observed. However, the research into the effects of AS
2
O
3
on cerebral glioma is still in its infancy
12
. Most researchers believe that AS
2
O
3
can treat cancer by inducing cell death, but less attention is being given to the secondary reactions of the organism after cell death, such as the reactions of the immune cells.
Currently, inducing tumor cell death is considered the endpoint in most nonsurgical therapies, but there is increasing evidence that different death modes of tumor cells have different effects on the functions of immune cells, particularly macrophages, which play important roles in the occurrence and development of tumors
13
.
Using the rat glioma cell line C6, we studied the effects of ultrasound on the cell death induced by different AS
2
O
3
concentrations and the secondary activation of macrophages, in order to provide helpful guidance for the combined employment of ultrasound and AS
2
O
3
in treating neurogliocytoma.
Materials and methods
Collection of macrophages from rats
Male Wistar rats (250 ± 20g of body weight) were provided by the Center of Experimental Animals, Harbin Medical University (Harbin, China). All animals were treated in accordance with the protocols approved by the local Animal Use and Care Committee and executed according to the National Animal Welfare Law.
One percent sodium thiopental at a dose of 1 mL/100 g
was used for anesthesia by hypodermic injection in rats.
The abdominal wall of the rat was cut open to the peritoneum, and 30 mL phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) was injected into the abdominal cavity by puncturing. The peritoneum was cut open after shaking and the rinsing solution of the abdominal cavity was removed. After this solution was centrifuged and rinsed twice with PBS, cells were suspended in RPMI 1640 medium containing 10% calf serum and cultured for 2 hours in an incubator with 5% CO
2
at 37 ºC. The supernatant was discarded and RPMI 1640 medium without phenol red was used to wash out the cells that did not adhere to the wall. Purified macrophages of rats were thus obtained.
Cell culture
The rat C6 neurogliocytoma cell line (which was provided by the Institute of Neurosurgery, Harbin Medical University) was incubated in IMDM medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum while the rat macrophages were inoculated in 6-well plates with RPMI 1640 medium containing 10% calf serum. They were kept in the incubator with 5% CO
2
at 37 ºC.
Experimental procedure
Rat C6 cells were inoculated in 6-well plates and incubated for 24 hours, and they were subjected or not subjected to ultrasound exposure. During ultrasound exposure the bottom of the 6-well plates was kept in a water bath of 37 ºC, and the plane ultrasound transducer was immersed in the water at 1.0 cm distance from the cells in the 6-well plate. Frequency, sound intensity and exposure time were 1.0 MHz, 0.5 W/cm
2
and 120 seconds, respectively. Different concentrations (0 µmol/L, 0.5 µmol/L, 1.0 µmol/L, 2.0 µmol/L, 4.0 µmol/L, 8.0 µmol/L and 16.0 µmol/L) of AS
2
O
3
(from Yida, Harbin, China) were added to the corresponding wells for 24 hours. IMDM medium was employed to rinse the plate and the cells were incubated for another 6 hours in media without drugs. The cells were collected and the mode of cell death was measured by Annexin V-FITC and PI double staining. The intracellular arsenium concentration was determined by the atomic fluorescence method. One milliliter of the supernatant of the culture solution for C6 cells was collected to measure the release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), while another 1 mL was added to the culture solution for macrophages for 6 hours. Finally the macrophages were collected to measure the level of NF-
κ
B activation, and the supernatant of the culture solution for macrophages was collected to detect the secretion of TNF-
α
and TGF-
β
1.
Annexin V-FITC and PI double staining to measure
the death mode of neurogliocytoma cells
Cell death measurements were carried out according to the instructions of the ApoAlert Annexin V-FITC kit (BD Company, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA). The C6 cells were digested by trypsin without EDTA, then rinsed twice with PBS. 5 × 10
5
cells were collected and suspended by adding 500 µL binding buffer, and afterwards were fully mixed with 5 µL Annexin V-FITC and 5 µL PI. The reaction was carried out in the dark at room temperature for 15 minutes. The experimental results were measured by a confocal laser microscope (LSM 510 Meta, Carl Zeiss, Germany) and flow cytometer (FACS Aria, BD Corporation, USA).
Determination of intracellular arsenium
concentration in neurogliocytoma cells
1 × 10
5
C6 cells were processed with strong nitric acid and perchloric acid and deoxidized by ascorbate and thiourea. By reading out the fluorescence intensity values (If) on an atomic fluorophotometer (AFS-9130, Beijing, China), calculations on the concentration of arsenium were conducted using the working curve method (Linear equation: If =150.4319C + 13.1095 with a correlation coefficient of r = 0.9995 and a sensitivity of 1 µg/L); the recovery rate of intracellular arsenium obtained by this method was 99.5%.
Detection of LDH release in neurogliocytoma cells
The supernatant of the culture solution of C6 cells was collected and the levels of LDH release were measured using a colorimetric method. Procedures were performed strictly following the instructions for the LDH detection kit (Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute, Nanjing, China)
Detection of NF
-
κ
B activation in macrophages
by flow cytometry
1 × 10
6
macrophages were collected and single-cell nucleus suspensions were prepared according to the instruction manual of the nuclear extraction kit (KGA826, Keygentec, Nanjing, China). The concentration of cell nuclei was adjusted to 1×10
6
/mL. Forty microliters of NF-
κ
B p65 McAb (Santa Cruz Company, Santa Cruz, CA, USA) and the cell nuclei were incubated for 20 minutes, then 1 µL FITC-labeled second antibody (Jackson ImmunoResearch, West Grove, PA, USA) was added and the cell nuclei were incubated for another 20 minutes. Finally, 20 µL PI was added and the cell nuclei were incubated for a further 30 minutes. The reaction system was detected by flow cytometry (FACS Aria, BD Corporation, USA).
Detection of TNF-
α
and TGF-
β
1 secreted
by macrophages using enzyme-linked
immunosorbent assay (ELISA)
The supernatant of the culture solution of macrophages was collected and the levels of TNF-
α
and TGF
-
β
1 secreted by macrophages to the supernatant of the culture solution were determined utilizing a double-antibody sandwich ELISA. The procedures were carried out according to the instructions of the kit (Biosource International, Camarillo, CA, USA). The absorbance of the samples was measured with a Microplate Reader (Model 680, Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc., USA) at 450nm (A
450
). A standard curve graph was plotted according to the standard preparations, and linear regression analysis was carried out to obtain the linear regression equation. The measured A
450
values of different samples were put into the linear regression equation, and the levels of TNF-
α
and TGF
-
β
1 were obtained.
Statistical analysis
SPSS 11.5 software was employed for statistical analysis. Each group of experiments was repeated 5 times, and the results were reported as means ± SD. The differences between groups treated with AS
2
O
3
alone and combined with ultrasound were analyzed using Student’s
t
-test. The differences between groups with different AS
2
O
3
concentrations were subjected to single-factor analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the Student-Newman-Keuls test was used for comparison of any 2 from the groups. The correlation between 2 variables was subjected to the Pearson correlation analysis.
P
<0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results
Experimental results of death modes of C6 cells
In Figure 4 it can be seen that early apoptosis rose with the increase in AS
2
O
3
concentration, reaching its peak when the AS
2
O
3
concentration reached 8.0 μµmol/L and decreasing with the further increase in the AS
2
O
3
concentration. Late apoptosis and necrosis increased steadily following the increase in the AS
2
O
3
concentration.
The experiment shows that ultrasound exposure can only induce C6 cells to achieve certain levels of cell death. The increase was significant when ultrasound and different AS
2
O
3
concentrations were jointly used, and the increase was significantly higher than the sum of the increases of the ultrasound and AS
2
O
3
only groups. The early apoptosis peak appeared at 4.0 μµmol/L AS
2
O
3
. This demonstrates that ultrasound has a synergistic enhancing effect with AS
2
O
3
on
inducing cell death. When combined with ultrasound, relatively low AS
2
O
3
concentrations can obtain the same effects of cell death induction (Figures 1-4).
Determination of intracellular arsenium concentration
The arsenium concentration in C6 cells increased with the increase in the AS
2
O
3
concentration in the culture system. With the same AS
2
O
3
concentration, ultrasound treatment can increase the intracellular arsenium concentration (Figure 5).
Detection of LDH release in C6 cells
The release of LDH in AS
2
O
3
(–) ultrasound (–) groups was relatively low, and the levels of LDH release in the AS
2
O
3
(+) ultrasound (–) groups increased with the increase in AS
2
O
3
concentration; combined use of ultrasound and AS
2
O
3
further promoted the release of LDH (Figure 6).
Correlation analysis for the level of LDH release and different death modes of C6 cells revealed that the LDH level showed a close direct correlation with late apoptosis and necrosis (r = 0.503,
P
<0.01), but did not exhibit an obvious correlation with early apoptosis (r = 0.252,
P
>0.05).
Detection of NF-
κ
B activation in macrophages
The results demonstrate that the level of NF-
κ
B activation in the AS
2
O
3
(–) ultrasound (–) group was relatively low, while the level increased in AS
2
O
3
(+) ultrasound (–) groups in an AS
2
O
3
concentration-dependent manner. The joint use of ultrasound and AS
2
O
3
further promoted the activation of NF-κB (Figure 7).
Correlation analysis for the activation level of NF-
κ
B and different cell death modes revealed that the level of NF-
κ
B activation showed a significant direct correlation with late apoptosis and necrosis (r = 0.437,
P
<0.01), but did not show an obvious correlation with early apoptosis (r = 0.319,
P
>0.05).
Detection of TNF-
α
and TGF-
β
1 secreted
by macrophages
The secretory levels of TNF-
α
and TGF-
β
1 in the AS
2
O
3
(–) ultrasound (–) group were relatively low, and the levels increased with the increase in AS
2
O
3
concentration in different groups. The combined effects of ultrasound and AS
2
O
3
further increased their secretion (Figure 8).
In the further correlation analysis, the secretory levels of TNF-
α
(r = 0.382,
P
<0.05) and TGF-
β
1 (r = 0.425,
P
<0.05) showed a significant direct correlation with late apoptosis and necrosis, but did not show an obvious correlation with early apoptosis (r = 0.283 and 0.304, respectively,
P
>0.05).
Discussion
Siu
et al.
14
reported that low-intensity ultrasound could reinforce the cytotoxic effects of doxorubicin on PC3 prostate carcinoma cells. Yu
et al.
15
pointed out that the combination of ultrasound with adriamycin could induce apoptosis of ovarian cancer cells and directly kill the tumor cells. The results of the present study indicate that ultrasound exposure had synergistic enhancing effects on the death of rat glioma C6 cells induced by AS
2
O
3
. These results are similar to those of the above-mentioned reports.
Ultrasound can penetrate deeply into tissues and can be directly targeted to tumors. Ultrasound itself can induce certain biological reactions, for example denaturing the proteins in tumor cells and affecting their enzymatic activities, destroying the intactness and configuration of nucleic acid molecules, destroying lipids and cell membranes, etc. When combined with some chemotherapeutics, the main synergetic effect is to increase the membrane permeability as well as the intracellular drug accumulation
16
. Considering the direct correlation between intracellular arsenium concentration and cell death in the present study, we inferred that arsenium could kill C6 cell after entering cell. By further observing the relationship between intracellular arsenium concentration and ultrasound exposure, it was found that ultrasound exposure could promote arsenium entering the C6 cells, thereby inducing cell death. Clinically, if doctors continuously increase the AS
2
O
3
dose in order to improve the therapeutic effects, the toxic damage from AS
2
O
3
to normal cells and other organs will increase accordingly, whereas the introduction of ultrasound applied directly to tumors can lead to the same therapeutic efficacy with a lower level of AS
2
O
3
intake, which will enhance the sensitivity of tumors to AS
2
O
3
treatment.
Attention should not only be paid to the total amount of dead cells when inducing tumor cell death, because different death modes have different meanings. Cell death modes can be mainly divided into apoptosis and necrosis
17
, but their roles in the onset and development of malignant tumors remains unclear.
Changes in the death modes of C6 cells induced by different conditions were observed in the present study. Different from the late apoptosis and necrosis that is induced by AS
2
O
3
in a dose-dependent manner, early apoptosis will reduce after reaching its peak following the increase in AS
2
O
3
concentration. It is notable that ultrasound exposure can reduce the AS
2
O
3
concentration where the cell apoptosis reaches its peak value.
Annexin V-PI double staining cannot distinguish necrosis from late apoptosis. Here the LDH release assay was used to further quantify necrosis. LDH normally only exists intracellularly and thus is always used as a marker for the release of cell contents
18
; accordingly, it indirectly represents the degree of necrosis. The finding that the release of LDH has a significant direct correlation with late apoptosis and necrosis but does not exhibit an obvious correlation with early apoptosis indicates that the two measurements, LDH release and percentage of late apoptosis and necrosis, can both reflect the extent of necrosis.
Macrophages have both positive and negative effects on the immune response to tumors
19-21
. Several papers have reported that macrophages in the tumor microenvironment can promote the occurrence and development of breast cancer, prostatic cancer, endometrial cancer, bladder cancer and other cancers
22- 24
. Reducing the inflammatory reactions in experimental conditions can reduce the occurrence of tumors
25
. Therefore, it is important to study the functions of macrophages in the progress of tumors, which will most possibly become a new target in tumor treatments
26
.
NF-
κ
B is a crucial factor regulating the expression of numerous genes related to inflammatory reactions
27,28
. TNF-
α
is a cytokine that is produced and secreted by many kinds of immune cells. It has multiple biological functions such as mediating inflammation, immunological adjustment, and resistance to tumors. It was discovered recently that TNF-
α
can promote the formation of blood vessels in tumor
29-31
. TGF-
β
exerts important functions in the regulation of the growth and development of embryos and in cell differentiation, proliferation and apoptosis, and it is closely related to the occurrence of tumors and to the infiltration and metastasis of tumor cells
32,33
.
In this study the finding of the activation of NF-
κ
B in macrophages and the release of TNF-
α
and TGF-
β
1 from macrophages reveal that certain cell contents released by necrotic C6 cells can activate macrophages. Ultrasound treatment alone can also activate macrophages, so special attention should be paid to this aspect when it is used clinically.
In summary, this
in vitro
study demonstrates that ultrasound can synergistically enhance the killing effect of arsenium on the rat glioma C6 cell. Macrophages can be activated by killed C6 cells, particularly necrotic C6 cells. Studies like ours provide a theoretical basis for the clinical application of AS
2
O
3
and ultrasound in glioma treatment.
biblio_titolo -
ignora
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bibliografia -
art_bibliografia
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anaplastic astrocytoma
Anaplastic gliomas
Anaplastic thyroid cancer
Anaplastic thyroid carcin
Androgen ablation
Androgen insensitivity sy
Androgen-independent pros
anemia
Angiocentrism
Angiofollicular lymph nod
Angiogenesis
Angiogenesis c-erbB-2
Angioimmunoblastic lympha
Angiomyolipoma
angiosarcoma
anorectal function
Anorexia
antagonist
anthracycline
anthracycline therapy
anti-Hu
Anti-smoking legislation
Anti-TPO antibodies
antiangiogenic therapy
antidepressant drugs
Antiemetic prescriptions
antiemetics
Antiestrogens
antineoplastic agents
Antineoplastic drugs
antioxidants
antiproliferative action
Antiretroviral therapy
antisense oligonucleotide
antismoking center
antithrombotic prophylaxi
antitumor agents
Antitumor immunity
anxiety levels
APC gene
apheresis
apolipoproteins
Apoptosis
appendiceal carcinoid tum
appendiceal mucinous neop
appendix
appendix mucinous neoplas
applicator position varia
appropriateness
apudomas
Argentina
aromatase inhibitors
array CGH
Arsenic trioxide
arsenic trioxide (As2O3)
Arterial hepatic infusion
artificial neural network
Asbestos
Asbestos exposure
Ascites
Ascites and omental disea
ASCUS
Askin tumor
assessment
astroblastoma
astrocytoma
astrocytomas
athymic mice
ATP-binding cassette subf
Atrial fibrillation
Atrial myxoma
attenuated familial adeno
attenuated Salmonella typ
atypical carcinoid
atypical lobular hyperpla
Atypical lymphocyte proli
atypical multiple scleros
Auditory
autograft
Autoimmune thyroid disord
Autologous and allogeneic
Autologous bone marrow tr
Autologous peripheral blo
Autologous stem cell resc
autonomic neuropathy
Autopsy
axillary dissection
axillary lymph node invol
Axillary lymph node metas
axillary lymph nodes
Axillary metastases
axillary radiotherapy
b-catenin
B-cell
b-cell lymphocytic leukem
B-cell NHL
BAG-1
Barrett's ablation
basal
Basal cell carcinoma
basal-like carcinomas
Basaloid squamous cell ca
Bax
Bayesian analysis
Bcl-2
BCL2
BCR-ABL
Bellini carcinoma
benchmarking issue
Benign breast disease
benign breast diseases
benign multicystic perito
Benzene
beta-2 microglobulin
beta-catenin
beta2-microglobulin
bevacizumab
beyond progression
BH3 domain
bilateral breast cancer
bile duct carcinoma
biliary
biliary obstruction
Bio-immunotherapy
biobank network
biochemical failure
biological resonance
Biomarker
Biomarkers
Biopsy
Biotherapy
Biphasic mesothelioma
Biphasic mixed tumors
Bisphosphonate
Bisphosphonates
Bladder
Bladder cancer
bladder carcinoma
Bladder function
bladder neoplasms
Bleomycin
Blood group antigens
Blue dye
BNIP3
body image
Body weight
bone
bone marrow
bone marrow aspirate
Bone metastases
Bone metastasis
bone tumor
bortezomib
Bowel obstruction
Brachytherapy
Brain
brain lesion
Brain metastases
Brain metastasis
brain tumor
Brain tumors
BRCA mutation
BRCA1
BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes
BRCA1/2
Breast
Breast cancer
Breast cancer diagnosis
Breast cancer phenotype
breast cancer recurrence
Breast cancer risk
Breast cancer screening
breast cancer subtype
Breast carcinoma
Breast edema
breast lesion
breast lump
Breast magnetic resonance
breast metastasis
breast neoplasm
Breast neoplasms
breast pain
Breast reconstruction
breast sarcoma
breast tumor
Breast vasculitis
Breast-conserving surgery
Breslow thickness
bronchial lavage fluid
Bronchiolitis obliterans
bronchopulmonary carcinoi
bronchoscopy
bronchoscopy specimen
C-erbB-2
c-ErbB2
Cachexia
Cadore
Calcitonin
Calibration
californium-252 neutron
Camurati-Engelmann diseas
Cancer
cancer antigen 125
cancer antisense therapy
cancer bleeding control
Cancer care facilities
cancer centre
cancer chemotherapy
cancer complication
cancer control
cancer control-planning
cancer cytogenetics
cancer diagnosis
cancer in spouses
Cancer incidence
cancer metastasis
Cancer mortality
Cancer pain
Cancer pain treatment
cancer prevalence,
cancer prevention
Cancer proteomics
Cancer registries
Cancer registry
cancer research
cancer research infrastru
cancer survival
Cancer therapy
cannabinoid receptor-1 ge
Capecitabine
capecitabine monotherapy
Capillary leak syndrome
carbon ion radiotherapy
carbon nanotubes
Carboplatin
Carcinoids
Carcinoma
Carcinoma erysipelatoides
Carcinomatosis
Carcinosarcoma
cardiac angiosarcoma
Cardiac dysfunction
Cardiac metastases
cardiac sarcoma
cardiac toxicity
cardiopulmonary bypass
Cardiotoxicity
carotid body tumor
carotid femoral and aorti
Case report
case-control studies
Case-control study
caspase-6
caspase-9
Castleman's disease
cathepsin
Cathepsin D
Catheters
caveolae
Cavernous hemangioma
cavernous liver angioma
CCEA
CCNU
CD-138
CD10
CD105 (endoglin)
CD117
CD34
CD4+
CD40
cd40 ligand
CD40L
CD44
CD8+
CD8+ T cell
CD99
CDX-2
Celiac disease
Celiac plexus block
cell cycle
cell cycle proteins
cell death
cell invasion
cell migration
cell proliferation
cell toxicity
Cell types related marker
cell-specific magnetic re
cellular therapy
Central nervous system pr
central venous devices
Cerebellar metastasis
cerebral meningioma
Cervical cancer
Cervical cancer epidemiol
Cervical carcinoma
cervical chordoma
Cervical dysplasia
Cervical intraepithelial
cervical intraepithelial
cervical node metastasis
cervical plexus
cervical squamous cell ca
Cervix
cetuximab
Changes in molecular biol
Chemoprevention
Chemoradiation
Chemoradiotherapy
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy at the end o
chemotherapy toxicity
chemotherapy-induced
chemotherapy-induced naus
Chemotherapy-induced peri
Chest reconstruction
Childhood
Childhood cancer
children
China
cholesterol
Chondrosarcoma
Chordoma
Chorioallantoic membrane
Choroidal metastasis
Chromogranin A
chromogranin-A
Chromosomal aberration
chromosome 3
chronic leukemia
chronic myeloid leukemia
Chronomodulated infusion
Chronotherapy
chylous ascites
Cigarette smoking
CIN
Ciplatin
cirrhosis
Cisplatin
Cisplatin-resistant metas
CK 5/6
classic Kaposi’s sarcom
Classification
clear cell renal carcinom
Clinic-pathological aspec
Clinical and pathological
Clinical audit
Clinical features
Clinical indications
clinical indicators
Clinical practice
Clinical stage
clinical stage I
Clinical staging
Clinical trial
Clinical trials
Clonality
Clozapine
CMF
CMF regimen
co-culture
CO2 laser
coagulation
Cohort studies
Cohort study
Cohort stuudies
collecting duct carcinoma
Colo-anal anastomosis
Colon
Colon adenocarcinoma
Colon cancer
Colon carcinoma
colon carcinoma metastasi
Colon metastases
Colonic adenocarcinoma
Colonoscopy
color Doppler sonogram
colorectal
Colorectal adenocarcinoma
Colorectal cancer
colorectal cancer liver m
Colorectal carcinoma
Colorectal neoplasms
colorectal screening
colorectal surgery
Colorectal tumor
Colorectal tumors
colposcopy
combined chemoradiotherap
Combined modality therapy
Combined modality treatme
Combined therapy
combined tumor
Combined-modality treatme
Comet assay
commissioning
common diagnostic pitfall
communication
communication of bad news
comorbidity
comparative genomic hybri
Comparative studies
Competitive PCR
complementary medicine
Complete response
Complications
composite hemangioendothe
comprehensive geriatric a
comprehensiveness
Computed tomography
computed tomography (CT)
computer-assisted reading
Computerized tomography
concomitant
concomitant boost
concomitant radiochemothe
CONCORD
Concurrent boost radiothe
Concurrent chemo-radiothe
concurrent chemoradiother
Conflict of interest
conformal boost
conformal external beam r
Conformal radiotherapy
congenital breast malform
Conization
conservative management
Conservative radiotherapy
Conservative surgery
Conservative treatment
consolidation chemotherap
continuous 5-fluoruracil
Continuous infusion
Contrast enhancement
coordination
Cordoba
Core biopsy
core needle biopsy
Coronary ostial stenosis
Correct sun exposure
cosmesis
Cosmetic results
cost
cost-effectiveness
cotyledonoid dissecting l
cox-2
coxofemoral arthrodesis
CpG island methylation
Cranial metastases
cranial trauma
craniospinal irradiation
cribriform carcinoma of t
cricoid cartilage
cricoid tumor
Croatia
cross-talk
Crude rates
Cryoglobulinemia
Crystal-storing histiocyt
CT
cultural diversity
Curettage mastectomy
Cushing's syndrome
Cutaneous melanoma
cutaneous tumors
cyberKnife
cyclooxygenase-2
cyclophosphamide
cyst
cystadenocarcinoma
cystatin
cystectomy
Cystic components
cystic hygroma
cystic lymphangioma
Cystic mesothelioma
cystic neuroendocrine pan
Cystoprostatectomy
cytarabine
Cytogenetic analysis
Cytogenetic biomarkers
cytogenetics
Cytokine
Cytokines
cytology
Cytomegalovirus
Cytoreduction
Cytoreductive surgery
Cytotoxic granules
cytotoxic T lymphocytes
dacryocystitis
DAPI
DAPk
Daunorubicin
De novo
de novo colon cancer
dead children
Deep venous thrombosis
Delayed onset
delays in diagnosis
Delivery
Dendritic cells
Dendritic cells inflammat
dental factors
Depression
Dercum’s disease
dermatofibrosarcoma protu
Dermoid cyst
Dermoscopic diagnosis
Dermoscopy
Desmoid tumor
Desmoid tumors
desmoplastic small round
Desmoplastic small round-
Desmoplastic tumor
detergent resistant micro
dexrazoxane
DFMO
diabetes
diabetes insipidus
Diagnosis
diagnosis disclosure
diagnostic imaging
diagnostic laparotomy
diagnostic odds ratio
dialysis
Diet
Dietary questionnaire
differential diagnosis
Differentiated thyroid ca
Differentiated thyroid ca
Diffuse gastric cancer
diffuse large B-cell lymp
Dihydrotestosterone
Diplopia
Discomfort
disease management
disease progression
disease-free period
disease-oriented bioban
disseminated intravascula
distance education
Distant metastases
DNA
DNA binding
DNA damage
DNA methylation
DNA microarrays
DNA ploidy
DNA repair
DNA sequencing
docetaxel
Dose calculation algorith
Dose fractionation
dose intensification
dose-dense chemotherapy
dose-finding study
dose-intense
Dose-intensity
Dose-volume histograms
Dosimetric calibration
dosimetric variation
Down syndrome
Down-staging
downdose
Doxorubicin
Doxycycline
DRAK1
Drinking habits
drug delivery
Ductal adenocarcinoma
Ductal carcinoma in situ
Ductopenia
duodenal
Duodenal neoplasm
Duodenocephalo-pancreasec
duodenum
Dural involvement
duration of treatment
DVL1
dynamic micro-multileaf c
dysphonia
dyspnea
Dysproteinemia
E-cad
E-cadherin
E-selectin
Early breast cancer
Early cancer
Early diagnosis
early gallbladder carcino
Early glottic carcinoma
Early polypoid colorectal
early rectal cancer
early stage
Early stage lung cancer
early technology assessme
eccrine mucinous adenocar
Ecological monitoring
Ectopic
ectopic breast
Ectopic pregnancy
Edema
Educational level
Educational message
EGFR
eLAV-like protein
Elderly
elderly cancer patients
elderly patient
Elderly patients
elective nodal irradiatio
electrocardiogram
electrochemotherapy
electromagnetism (EM)
electromyography
electronic chart
electroporation
Embolization
Emergency surgery
en bloc resection
Encephalopathy
end of life
End-of-life care
end-stage renal impairmen
endocrine system
Endodermal sinus tumor
endoG expression
endogenous porphyrins
Endometrial cancer
Endometrial carcinoma
endometrial tumor
Endometrium
Endoscopic ablation
endoscopic removal
endoscopy
Energy expediture
Engineered tumor cells
Enhancement
Enoxaparin
enteric nervous system
enterocutaneous fistula
Environmental exposure
Environmental pollution
Environmental tobacco smo
EORTC questionnaire
ependymomas
EPIC
epidemiologic methods
Epidemiology
epidermal growth factor
epidermal growth factor r
Epigenetic alterations
Epigenetics
Epirubicin
epithelioid
Epithelioid sarcoma
Epo
Epoetin alfa
Epstein-Barr virus
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)
ER
era
erB-2
erlotinib
errors in radiation deliv
erythroleukoplakia
Erythropoietin
Esophageal adenocarcinoma
Esophageal cancer
Esophagogastroscopy
Esophagus
esophageal cancer
esthesioneuroblastoma
estrogen receptor
estrogen-progesterone rec
Ethics
Ethics committees
Ethmoid cancer
Ethnic distribution
European Union
euthanasia
event tree model
evidence-based medicine
Ewing sarcoma
Ewing's sarcoma
Ewing’s sarcoma
Ewing’s sarcoma family
exemestane
Exercise testing
exonic splicing enhancers
exosomes
experimental
extended cholecystectomy
External beam radiotherap
Extra-abdominal metastasi
Extracapsular extension
Extracellular matrix prot
Extradonal non-Hodgkin's
Extragonadal germ cell tu
extramedullary plasmacyto
Extranodal lymphoma
extranodal MALT lymphoma
Extraosseous Ewing's sarc
extraosseous sarcoma
Extrapulmonary small cell
Extravasation
eyelid
ezrin
facial nerve
false positive
Familial adenomatous poly
Familial polyposis
families
family
Fas/FasL
fatigue
FDG-PET
feasibility
febrile neutropenia
Female
fetal dose
FHIT gene
Fibroma
fibromatosis
fibronectin
fibrosis
filgrastim
Finasteride
fine-needle aspiration cy
FISH
Fistula
fixed-dose-rate infusion
FLIPI
Floxuridine
fluorescence
Fluoropyrimidine-pretreat
Fluorouracil
FMF
focal adhesion kinase
Focal nodular hyperplasia
folate
FOLFIRI
folfox
FOLFOX IV/LV5FU2 chemothe
FOLFOX regimen
folinic acid
Follicular carcinoma
Follicular lymphoma
follicular thyroid cancer
follow-up
Food
Forearm
foregut neuroendocrine ca
Four or more positive axi
Fractionated stereotactic
fractionation
fraud
fullerenes
fulminant liver failure
G-CSF
galectin-1
galectin-3
Gallbladder
Gallbladder carcinoma
Gamma probe
Gamma-glutamyltransferase
gastrectomy
Gastric cancer
Gastric carcinoma
Gastric melanoma
gastric myoepithelial ham
gastrointestinal carcinoi
gastrointestinal interven
Gastrointestinal lymphoma
Gastrointestinal neoplasm
Gastrointestinal stromal
Gastrointestinal stromal
gastrointestinal stromal
gastrointestinal stromal
Gemcitabine
Gender differences
Gene expression
gene expression profile
gene polymorphism
gene therapy
General practitioners
Genetic research
genetic susceptibility
Genetic testing
Genetic tests
Genomic instability
genomics
genomics
GEP neuroendocrine tumors
germ cell tumor
germ cell tumors
Germline mutations
gestational trophoblastic
giant basal cell carcinom
giant follicles
giant keratoacanthoma
Giant mixed retroperitone
Giemsa
GIST
glioblastoma
Glioblastoma multiforme
Gliofibroma
Glioma
gliosarcomas
Glottic cancer
glucagon
glucose-6-phosphate dehyd
glutamine
glutathione S-transferase
glycoproteins
Gonadoblastoma
good clinical practice
Good's syndrome
GPI
granular cell tumor
granulocyte-colony stimul
granulocytic sarcoma
Granulomatous angiopannic
Granulomatous gastritis
Graves' disease
growth inhibitory peptide
growth rate
GSTP1
guidelines
Guillain-Barré syndrome
Gynecomastia
Gynecomastia and hormone
Gynecomastia and prostate
H. pylori
Hadron therapy
hairy cell leukemia
half-body irradiation
hamartoma
Hand-foot syndrome
Hashimoto’s thyroiditis
HBV/HCV infections
HCV
HDR brachytherapy
Head and neck
Head and neck cancer
Head and neck carcinoma
Head and neck malignancie
head and neck neoplasms
head and neck tumor
Head trauma
Health-related quality of
healthy donors
Heart
heart failure
heart transplantation
heat
heat shock protein 70
heavily pretreated
Hemangioendothelioma
Hemangiopericytoma
Hemangiosarcoma
Hematological malignancie
hematological malignancy
Hematopoietic stem cell t
hematuria
Hemodialysis
Hemoglobin levels
hemoperitoneum
hemophilia A
Hep-2 cells
Heparin
Hepatic adenosquamous car
Hepatic arterial infusion
Hepatic arterial infusion
Hepatic artery
hepatic tumor
Hepatitis B virus
hepatitis B virus (HBV)
Hepatitis B virus integra
Hepatitis C virus infecti
hepatoblastoma
Hepatocellular
Hepatocellular carcinoma
hepatocellular carcinoma
hepatocyte growth factor
HER-2
HER-2 receptor
HER-2/neu
HER2
HER2-positive metastatic
Herceptin
Hereditary breast cancer
hereditary non-polyposis
HEY1
high dose
High dose chemotherapy
high dose rate
high genetic risk
high-dose boost
High-dose chemotherapy
high-dose epirubicin
High-dose rate brachyther
high-grade glioma
High-grade squamous intra
high-risk medulloblastoma
Histogenesis
histological diagnosis
Histological score
HIV
hMLH1
hMLH1 hypermethylation
HNPCC
Hodgkin disease
Hodgkin's disease
Hodgkin's disease (HD)
Hodgkin’s disease
Home palliative care serv
homocysteine levels
Horizontal growth phase m
Hormone receptor status
Hormone refractory
hormone replacement thera
Hormone therapy
Hormone-refractory prosta
Hormonorefractory
Hormonotherapy
Hospital
Hospital-based population
HPV
Hrthle cell carcinoma
hTERT
hu-PBL/SCID chimera
huge hepatocellular carci
Human
human carboxylesterase-2
Human chorionic gonadotro
Human Epo receptor (EpoR)
Human G-CSF receptor
Human immunodeficiency vi
Human papilloma virus
Human papillomavirus
human sarcoma
Human tumor cell lines
hur
hydration
hydrocele
Hydrogen peroxide
hydronephrosis
Hypercoagulable state
Hypereosinophilic idiopat
Hyperfractionated radioth
Hyperfractionation
Hyperparathyroidism
Hypersensitivity reaction
Hypertermic tissue ablati
hyperthermia
Hypocalcemia
Hypofractionation
Hypoparathyroidism
hypopharyngeal cancer
hypothyroidism
ICCC-3
ICD-10
Id2 protein
Idiopathic thrombocytopen
IFN-a-2a
Ifosfamide
IgR
IHH
IL-12
IL-2
ileal carcinoid
ileal mucosa
image analysis
image fusion
Image probing
image-guided intensity-mo
Image-guided radiotherapy
imaging
imatinib
Imatinib mesylate
imiquimod
immune host response
Immunity
immunocompetent host
immunocytochemistry
Immunodeficiency
immunohistochemical analy
Immunohistochemical marke
Immunohistochemistry
Immunoradiometric assays
Immunoscintigraphy
Immunotherapy
impact factor
Implantable port
IMRT
in vivo imaging
in vivo small animal magn
inappropriate doses of ch
incentives
Incidence
incidence rates
Independent studies
induced lymphoma
induction chemotherapy
induction therapy
infant
infantile myofibromatosis
infection
Infections
infectious agents
infiltrating ductal carci
Inflammation
Inflammatory bowel diseas
Inflammatory breast carci
Inflammatory mechanism
Inflammatory metastatic c
inflammatory myofibroblas
inflammatory pseudotumor
Informed consent
infrastructures
infusion reaction
Infusional chemotherapy
infusional therapy
Inguinal canal
Inguinal hernia
Inoperable bowel obstruct
insular
Insular thyroid carcinoma
Insurance
integral dose
Integrated radiotherapeut
integration
integrin beta 3
intensity modulated radia
Intensity-modulated exter
Intensity-modulated radia
Intensity-modulated radia
intensity-modulated radio
Interaction
Interactive computer grap
Interferon
interferon beta
Interleukin-2
Interleukin-6
interleukins
Intermediate emetogenic c
internal mammary node met
international collaborati
international cooperation
International Prognostic
internet
Interobserver agreement
Interpectoral (Rotter's)
interstitial pneumonitis
interval cancer
interval cancers
interval censoring
Interventional radiology
intestinal permeability
intestinal pouch
intima-media thickness
Intra-arterial chemothera
intra-operative radiother
Intraabdominal tumor mass
Intracranial tumors
Intraductal carcinoma
Intrahepatic cholangiocar
Intrahepatic cholestasis
intramedullary metastases
intramedullary tumor
intraoperative pathologic
Intraoperative radiothera
intraosseous hemangioma
Intraperitoneal chemother
intraperitoneal chemoth
Intraperitoneal hyperther
intratumoral lymphocyte
Intravascular lymphomatos
Invasion
Invasive ductal carcinoma
invasiveness
Ionizing irradiation
IORT
Iran
Irinotecan
iris metastasis
iron oxide nanoparticle
isolated splenic metastas
isothiocyanates
Italian cancer burden
Italian cancer control
Italian EPIC population
Italian Sarcoma Group
Italy
jaw
jaws
jejunal intussusception
Job's syndrome
joinpoint analysis
Juvenile granulosa cell t
K-ras
k-ras codon 12 mutation
Kaposi's sarcoma
Kaposi’s sarcoma
keratin
Keratin/genetics
keratoacanthoma
Ki-67
Ki-67 antigen
Ki-ras gene
Ki67
Kidney
kidney transplantation
KIT
kit protein
Korea
Krukenberg tumor
Kyphoplasty
lab-on-chip
labelling
Lacrimal sac
Lactulose-mannitol test
Laminin
lamivudine
Laparoscopic cholecystect
laparoscopic splenectomy
Laparoscopic surgery
laparoscopy
Large breast
laryngeal cancer
laryngeal chondrosarcoma
Laryngeal neoplasm
larynx
Larynx carcinoma
late brain metastases
late complication
Late effects
late effects of cancer tr
late relapse
Late side effects
Late toxicity
latent membrane protein 1
Leading cancer sites
Leiomyosarcoma
leptomeningeal metastases
Leucovorin
Leydig cell tumor
Li-Fraumeni syndrome
life tables
Life-style
Life-style questionnaire
Limited stage
lipid-rich carcinoma
Liposarcoma
Liposomal doxorubicin
Liposomes
Liquid-based cytology
literature review
Liver
liver cancer
liver failure
Liver malignancies
Liver metastases
Liver metastasis
liver neoplasm
Liver resection
Liver transplantation
Liver tumors
lobectomy
Lobular carcinoma
lobular carcinoma in situ
lobular neoplasia
Local control
Local recurrence
local tumor recurrence
local-regional recurrence
localized carcinoma of th
localized gastrointestina
localized non-Hodgkin's l
Locally advanced
Locally advanced breast c
Locally advanced breast t
Locally advanced disease
locally advanced lung can
Locoregional chemotherapy
Locoregional radiotherapy
Lomustine
Long-surviving patient
long-term complications
long-term follow-up
Long-term outcome
Long-term remission
Long-term survival
Long-term-survivors
loss of heterozygosity
loss of heterozygosity (L
Loss of heterozygosity,
low dose intensity
low dose rate
lumpectomy
Lung
Lung adenocarcinoma
Lung cancer
lung cancer prognosis
Lung carcinoma
Lung metastases
lung metastasis
Lung neoplasm
Lung neoplasms
lung resection
lung toxicity
lymph node
lymph node diameter
Lymph node excision
Lymph node failure
Lymph node metastases
lymph node sampling
Lymph node status
Lymph node-negative breas
Lymph nodes
Lymphadenectomy
Lymphangioleiomyomatosis
lymphatic mapping
lymphocytes
lymphofollicular infiltra
Lymphoma
Lymphoscintigraphy
MAb CIBCgp185
macrophage
Magnetic resonance
Magnetic resonance imagin
maintenance chemotherapy
major surgery
Male breast cancer
Male breast carcinoma
Malignancy
malignant breast disease
malignant fibrous histioc
Malignant fibrous histioc
malignant giant cell tumo
malignant glioma
malignant gliomas
malignant infiltration of
Malignant melanoma
malignant mesenchymoma
malignant mixed mesoderma
Malignant pericardial tum
malignant peripheral nerv
Malignant pleural Mesothe
malignant thymoma
Malignant transformation
Malnutrition
MALT lymphoma
mammary phyllodes tumor
Mammography
mammography screening
Mandibular metastasis
Mandibular tumors
manifestation
mantle cell lymphoma
Margin involvement
mastalgia
mastectomy
matrix metalloproteinase-
matrix producing carcinom
Mature cystic teratoma
maxillary sinus
MCC
Mediastinal radiotherapy
mediastinal staging
Mediastinum
medical choice
Medical ethics
medical oncologist’s tr
medullary breast cancer
medullary carcinoma
Medullary thyroid cancer
Medullary thyroid cancer
Medullary thyroid cancer
Medullary thyroid carcino
Medullary thyroid carcino
Medullary thyroid carcino
Megestrol acetate
Melanin
melanocytoma
melanoma
Melanoma prevention
Membranous glomerulonephr
MEN 2 syndromes
MEN 2A
MEN 2B
meningeal carcinomatosis
Meningeal hemangiopericyt
Meningioma
Menopause
Menstrual cyles
menstrual induction
mental adaptation to canc
Merkel cell carcinoma
mesenchymal chondrosarcom
mesenchymal tumor
mesenteric cyst
Mesenteric fibromatosis
Mesenteric paraganglioma
Mesenteric thrombosis
mesentery
Mesothelioma
Meta-analysis
metacarpal bone
metachronous metastasis
metaiodobenzylguanidine s
Metaiodobenzylguanidine t
metallic implants
metalloproteinase
metallothioneins
Metanephrines
metaplastic carcinoma
metastasectomy
Metastases
Metastasis
metastasis of unknown ori
metastasis to stomach
Metastatic bone disease
Metastatic breast cancer
Metastatic cancer
metastatic cancers
Metastatic colorectal can
metastatic gastric cancer
metastatic liver disease
metastatic non-small cell
metastatic ovarian tumor
Metastatic prostate carci
Metastatic spinal cord co
metatarsal bones
methodological approaches
methylation
Methylene blue
metronomic therapy
MGMT
mice
microcalcification
Microcalcifications
Microenvironment
micropapillary
Microvascular density
Midline lymphoma
Minimal change disease
minors
Mismatch repair genes
mitogen-activated protein
mitomycin C.
mitomycin-C
Mitoses
mitotic catastrophe
Mitotic index
Mitoxantrone
Mixture models
MLH1
MMP
mobility
molecular diagnostics
Molecular follow-up
Molecular markers
monoclonal antibody
mononuclear cell migratio
Morbidity
morbidity-mortality
Mortality
Moschcowitz's disease
Motility
MRI
MSH2
MTA
MTHFR
mucinous adenocarcinoma
mucinous tumors
Mucosa-associated-lymphoi
mucosal damage
mucosuria
multi-drug resistance
multi-drug resistance pro
multicentric trial
multidisciplinary treatme
multiendocrine failure
multikinase inhibitor
multileaf collimator
Multimodality therapy
multimodality treatment
multiple bladder-prostate
multiple endocrine neopla
Multiple lymphangiomas
multiple malignancies
Multiple malignancy
Multiple myeloma
multiple primary cancers
multiple sclerosis
Multipurpose surveys
Multivariate analysis
Muscle cell proliferation
mutation
myasthenia
mycosis fungoides
myelodysplastic syndrome
myeloid markers
myocardial metastasis
myocardial perfusion defe
myocardial perfusion scin
myoepithelial cells
myoid
Na+-I- symporter
nanomedicine
nanoparticles
nanotechnology
nanomedicine
nanoparticles
nasal septum
Nasopharyngeal cancer
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma
nasopharyngeal neoplasm
Nasopharynx
National survival estimat
Natural killer cells
Neck
neck dissection
neck mass
neck metastases
Neck's tumors
necrosis
negative second-look lapa
neoadjuvant
neoadjuvant chemoradiatio
Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy
neoadjuvant radiotherapy
Neoadjuvant therapy
neoadjuvant,Taxotere
Neoplasm
Neoplasm circulating cell
neoplasm metastasis
Neoplasms
neopterin.
Neovascularization
nephrectomy
Nephrotic syndrome
nephrotoxicity
Nerve-sparing
Network
networks
neural tissue
neurilemmoma
Neuroanatomy
neuroblastoma
neuroendocrine carcinoma
Neuroendocrine differenti
Neuroendocrine tumor
Neuroendocrine tumors
neurofibromatosis 2
neurogliocytoma
Neurological state
Neuron-specific enolase
Neuropathic pain
neurosurgery
neurotoxicity
neutropenia
neutropenic enterocolitis
New bisphosphonates
new schedule
NF-ÛB
NF1
nipple-sparing mastectomy
NIS expression
NIS therapy
Nitric oxide
NK activity
NK cells
NK lymphoma
nm23
Nodal regions
nomograms
Non-functioning adrenocor
non-Hodgkin disease
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
non-Hodgkin lymphomas
non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma
non-melanoma skin cancers
non-non-Hodgkin's lymphom
Non-palpable breast lesio
Non-palpable thyroid nodu
non-pegylated doxorubicin
Non-platinum chemotherapy
Non-profit clinical trial
non-seminoma
Non-smal cell lung cancer
Non-small cell lung cance
non-small cell type
non-small-cell lung cance
non-viral vectors
Nongestational choriocarc
nonlinear resonance inter
nonpigmented ciliary epit
nonseminomatous germ cell
norcholesterol scintigrap
Nosocomial infections
Nottingham prognostic
novel mutations
NSCLC
Nuclear medicine therapy
nucleic acid delivery
nutrient mixture
nutritional status
Obesity
obscure digestive bleedin
Occult blood
Occult primary
occult/obscure gastrointe
occupational exposure
octreoscan
Octreotide
Ocular
ocular adnexal lymphoma
odontogenic tumors
off-label
older population
oligonucleotides
omentum
Omentum.
Oncocytic neoplasm
oncogene
oncogenes
Oncogenomics
Oncology
Opioid consumption
opportunistic screening
optical biopsy of cancer
optical imaging
optical neuritis
Optimized screening
oral cancer
oral cavity
Oral mucositis
oral precancerous conditi
oral UFT (tegafur-uracil)
oral vinorelbine
orbit
Orbital involvement
Orbital metastasis
Orbital surgery
organisation of care
Orgotein
Oropharynx
Orthovoltage therapy
osteo-oncology
Osteoclastic activation
osteonecrosis
osteopetrosis
osteopontin
Osteosarcoma
osteosarcoma of the kidne
osteosarcomatous differen
outcome
outpatient regimen
Ovarian cancer
Ovarian carcinoma
ovarian endometriosis
ovarian malignancy
ovarian psammocarcinoma
ovarian teratoma
Ovarian tumor
Ovary
over-treatment
overall survival
Overdose
Overexpression
Oxaliplatin
oxidative phosphorylation
p105
p14
p16
p185HER2
p27Kip1
p53
p53 antibodies
p53 gene
p53 mutation
p53 protein
p57Kip2
p63
p73
Pacemaker
Paclitaxel
Paclitaxel-carboplatin
Paget’s disease
PAI-1
Pain mechanisms
painful lipomas
palliative care
palliative care in oncolo
Palliative chemotherapy
palliative radiation ther
palmar-plantar erythrodys
palonosetron
pancreas
Pancreatic cancer
pancreatic carcinoma.
pancreatic cyst
pancreatic ductal adenoca
pancreatic heterotopy of
pancreatic intraductal pa
Pancreatic metastases
pancreatic neoplasm
pancreatic neoplasms
Pancreatic resection
pancreaticoduodenectomy
panitumumab
Pap smear history
Pap smear screening
Pap smears
Papillary carcinoma
Papillary fibroelastoma
papillary thyroid carcino
Paraganglioma
paralytic ileus
parametric model
paranasal sinuses
Paraneoplastic nephrotic
Paraneoplastic neurologic
Paraneoplastic syndrome
Paraplegia
Paraspinal tumors
Parathyroid
parathyroid adenoma
Parathyroid carcinoma
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Parathyroidectomy
Parenteral nutrition
parotid carcinoma
parotid gland
parotid neoplasm
partial laryngectomy
pathology
Pathology related markers
Pathway
patient satisfaction
patient-physician relatio
patterns of care
Patterns of failure
paxillin
PCR
PDGF
PEComa
pediatric
pediatric oncology
pediatric tumors
pegfilgrastim
Pegylation
Pelvic CT
Penile metastases
perfusion
Periampullary stromal tum
perineal prostatectomy
Perioperative radiotherap
Peripheral blood progenit
peripheral blood stem cel
peripheral leukocytes
peritoneal carcinomatosis
Peritoneal mesothelioma
Peritoneal
cancer
Peritonectomy
Peritoneovenous shunt
Peritoneum
peritumoral hepatic tissu
perivascular epithelioid
Permanent prostate Brachy
PET
PET sensitivity
PET.
PET/CT
Pharmaceutical industries
pharmacoeconomics
Pharmacoeconomy
pharmacogenetics
Pharyngolaryngeal squamou
Phase I
Phase II study
Pheochromocytoma
Pheochromocytoma treatmen
Phosphoinositide 3-kinase
photo excitation
Photofrin
Photosensitizer
phyllodes tumor
Physical activity
Physicians
physiotherapy
Pituitary adenoma
pituitary gland
pituitary gland metastasi
placental site trophoblas
planning study
Plasma fatty acid
plasmacytoid
Plasmacytoma
Plastic ring
Plastic surgery
Platinum
pleomorphic adenoma
Pleura
Pleural neoplasms
pleural small cell carcin
Pleurocentesis
Ploidy
Pneumonectomy
point mutations
point-of-care
Pollution
poly(butyl cyanoacrylate)
poly(lactide-co-glycolic
Polyamines
polychemotherapy
polycystic liver disease
Polymerase chain reaction
polymorphism
polymorphous
polysomy
ponicidin
population surveillance
Population survey
Population surveys
population-based
Population-based study
population-based survey
Porphyrins
port site recurrence
Positron emission tomogra
positron-emission tomogra
Post-irradiation sarcoma
Post-radiation osteosarco
Post-remission treatment
Post-traumatic glioma
Post-traumatic meningioma
Post-treatment CIN
Postoperative chemoradiat
postoperative radiochemot
Postoperative radiotherap
Postoperative therapy
PP1 inhibitor
PR
Practice guidelines
pRb
pre-operative chemotherap
Predictive value
Prednisone
Pregnancy
Preoperative chemoradiati
preoperative diagnosis
preoperative immunotherap
preoperative radiochemoth
Preoperative radiotherapy
pretreatment tumor lysis
Prevalence
prevalence of use of comp
prevention
Prevention and control
Priapism
Primary
primary adenocarcinoma
primary bilateral adrenal
primary central nervous s
primary chemotherapy
primary cultures
primary duodenal adenocar
primary hepatic leiomyosa
primary hyperparathyroidi
primary lung tumors
primary osteosarcoma
primary pancreatic lympho
primary systemic therapy
Primitive neuroectodermal
proctocolectomy
progesterone receptor
Prognosis
Prognostic factor
Prognostic factors
Prognostic markers
prognostic parameter
Prognostic score
proliferating trichilemma
Proliferation
proliferation index
prone position
Prophylactic total thyroi
Prospective cohort study
Prospective longitudinal
Prospective study
prostaglandin-endoperoxid
Prostate
Prostate adenocarcinoma
prostate biopsy
Prostate cancer
Prostate carcinoma
prostate neoplasms
Prostate specific antigen
prostate-specific antigen
Prostatectomy
Prostatic ducts
Prostatic neoplasm
prostatic neoplasms
protection
Protein microarray
Protein S
Proteomics
Proteomics technologies
Proton beams
proton therapy
PSA test
Pseudomyxoma peritonei
Psoriasis
psychosexuality
psychosocial
Psychosocial adjustment
psychosocial support
PTCA
PTEN
Pulmonary
Pulmonary adenocarcinoma
Pulmonary blastoma
Pulmonary fibrosis
Pulmonary lymphoma
pulmonary non-Hodgkin’s
Pulmonary valve
Pylethrombosis
pyogenic liver abscess
Pyrene
quality assurance
quality indicators.
quality of care
Quality of life
quality score system
Quantification
quantitative real time po
questionnaire
questionnaires
Radiation
Radiation safety
Radiation therapy
Radiation-induced meningi
Radiation-induced tumors
Radiation-induced
Radical hysterectomy
Radical nephrectomy
radical surgery
radiochemotherapy
Radiofrequency ablation
Radiograph
Radioguided surgery
Radioiodine therapy
radiologic diagnosis
radiologically dense brea
radiometabolic therapy
Radionecrosis
Radionuclide therapy
radioprotection
radiosensitivity
Radiosensitizer
radiosensitizing
Radiosurgery
Radiotherapy
Radiotherapy fractionatio
radiotherapy treatment
Radiotherapy treatment pl
radiochemotherapy
Raloxifene
Ralstonia pickettii
Raltitrexed
ramosetron
Random sample
randomized controlled cli
Randomized controlled stu
Randomized controlled tri
randomized phase III tria
RARb
rare entity
rash
RASSF1A tumor suppressor
RCC
Re-irradiation
reactive lymphoid hyperpl
reactive oxygen species
Recall colitis
receptor
receptors
recognization
recombinant human growth
Recombinant human thyrotr
record-and-verify systems
Rectal adenocarcinoma
Rectal cancer
rectal fistula
rectal injury
Rectal lymphomas
rectal neoplasms
Rectovaginal fistula
Rectovaginal septum
Rectum
rectus abdominis muscle
Recurrence
Recurrent
Recurrent carcinoma
Recurrent high-grade glio
recurrent ovarian cancer
Recurrent rectal carcinom
Reflux esophagitis
Regional chemotherapy
regional medical programs
Regional program
registries
regression
regression analysis
reirradiation
Relapse
relative survival
relative value
Renal cancer
Renal carcinoma
Renal cell cancer
Renal cell carcinoma
Renal failure
Renal metastasis
renal osteosarcoma
renal papillary carcinoma
Renomedullary interstitia
Reproductive factors
Resection
residual lesion
Resistant
resources
respiratory failure
RET oncoproteins
Ret tyrosine kinase
RET/PTC
Retinal metastases
retro-orbital granulocyti
Retroperitoneal liposarco
retroperitoneal mass
retroperitoneal tumor
retrorectal hamartoma
retrorectal tumors
retrospective study
review
rewards
rhabdomyosarcoma
Rheumatoid arthritis
rhuCD40L,TRAF
ring and tandem
risk factor
risk factors
Risk of cancer
RNA
RNA interference
Runx2
S-100 protein
s-phase fraction
S-phase fraction.
sacroplasty
Salivary gland
Salvage radiotherapy
salvage therapy
Sampling bias
Sarcoma
sarcomatoid renal cell ca
Sarcomatosis
Scalene lymph node
scalp
scalp cooling
Schwann cell
Schwannoma
SCID mice
Sclerosing hemangioma
Scoring
Screening
seasonality
Second line
Second malignancies
second primary cancer
second primary tumors
second-hand smoke
second-line
Second-line chemotherapy
secondary breast angiosar
secondary hemicolectomy
Secondary malignancies
secondary prevention
Secondary sarcomas
SEER program
Segmental duodenal resect
selection criteria
Selective estrogen recept
selective internal radiat
self-expanding stent
self-report assessment
seminal vesicle invasion
seminoma
Sensitivity
sentinel lymph node
Sentinel lymph node biops
Sentinel lymph node mappi
Sentinel node
Sentinel node mapping
sequence
sequence variant
sequence-specific primer
sequential chemotherapy
serum
Serum lactate dehydrogena
sestamibi
setup uncertainty
sex cord stromal tumor
Sex-specific rates
sexual dysfunction
SF-36 questionnaire
shoe worker
shoulder movement
shoulder syndrome
Signs
Silver staining
simple cholecystectomy
simultaneous care
simultaneous thyroid carc
Single agent
single nucleotide polymor
single nucleotide polymor
single strand conformatio
single-strand conformatio
single-strand conformatio
sinonasal cancer
siRNA
Sister Joseph's nodule
size
skeletal muscle
skin
skin cancer
Skin metastases
Skin neoplasms
skin squamous cell carcin
skin toxicity
Smac/DIABLO
Small bowel
Small cell carcinoma
Small cell lung cancer
Small cell lung carcinoma
Small intestine adenocarc
Small melanocytic skin le
Small melanoma
Small-cell lung cancer
Smoking
smoking ban
Smoking cessation
Smoking habits
social class
Socio-economic data valid
Sodium iodide
soft tissue sarcoma
Soft tissue sarcomas
soft tissue tumor
soft-tissue tumor
solid pseudopapillary neo
solid tumor
solitary fibrous tumor
Solitary plasmacytoma
somatostatin analogs
Somatostatin analogues
Somatostatin receptor sci
Somatostatin receptors
sorafenib
Sox9
Spain
Specificity
Sphincter saving procedur
sphincter-saving procedur
sphincter-saving surgery
spinal accessory nerve
spinal cord
spindle cell
spindle-cell carcinoma
spleen.
Splenectomy
splenic lymphangioma
splenic metastases
Splenic rupture
Splenomegaly
splenopancreasectomy
Spontaneous internal jugu
Squamous cell carcinoma
squamous cell carcinoma a
squamous cell carcinoma o
Squamous cell carcinoma,V
Squamous cell laryngeal c
stage
stage III
Staging
Standard incidence ratio
statistical method.
Statistical model
Stealth liposomes
stem cell transplantation
stenosis
Stereotactic
stereotactic body radiati
stereotactic radiosurgery
Sternberg tumor
Sternum
Steroid receptors
Steroids
Stevens-Johnson syndrome
Stomach
stomach cancer
stool test
stop-flow
Subcutaneous mastectomy
subdural hematoma
Subdural osteomas
Subgroup analysis
Sugar industry
Suicide
Suicide thoughts
sulfur compounds
Sunburn
sunitinib
Superficial therapy
Superior hypogastric plex
superior mediastinal synd
superior vena cava syndro
supernumerary breast
Superoxide dismutase
supraclavicular adenopath
supraclavicular lymphaden
supraclavicular radiother
supraventricular tachycar
Surgery
surgical complications
Surgical margins
surgical mortality
surgical oncology
surgical procedures
Surgical resection
surgical strategy
surgical treatment
Suriname
Survey
Survival
Survival analysis
SV40
Swiss albino mice
Sympathetic cervical chai
Sympathetic chain
Symporter (NIS)
Symptom management
symptom-to-treatment inte
Symptoms
Synaptophysin
synchronous cancer
Synchronous multicentric
Synchronous presentation
synchronous triple cancer
Synchronous tumors
synergistic effect
synovial sarcoma
systemic chemotherapy
T2 signal intensity
Tamoxifen
Tangential irradiation
tanshinone II-A
target coverage
Target delineation
target therapies
target therapy
Target volume
targeted contrast materia
targeted drug delivery
targeting
taxane
Taxol
Taxotere
TCF regimen
tcr-gamma
Technetium-99m
technique investigation
tectal glioma
telemedicine
Telomerase activity
telomerase RNA
Temozolomide
temozolomide refractory
teratoma
terebrant ulcer
terminal cancer patients
terminal patient
terminally ill
test
testicular cancer
Testicular seminoma
Testicular tumors
Testis
Testosterone,Wistar rats
tetrandrine
thalidomide
Therapeutic guidelines
therapeutic strategies
therapy
therapy-related leukemia
thiamine
Thiols
third-line chemotherapy
Three-dimensional conform
three-dimensional conform
Thrombocytopenia
thrombophilic screening
Thrombosis
Thrombotic thrombocytopen
Thymic carcinoid
thymolipoma
Thymoma
thymus
Thyroglobulin
Thyroglobulin (Tg)
Thyroglossal duct cyst
Thyroglossal duct remnant
Thyroid
Thyroid cancer
Thyroid cancer scintigrap
Thyroid carcinoma
thyroid gland
thyroid lesions
thyroid metastases
thyroid metastasis
Thyroid neoplasms
thyroid nodule
thyroid squamous cell car
thyroid surgery
thyroid tumor
thyroidectomy
time trends
Time-intensity dynamic pr
TIMP3
Tissue remodelling
tobacco
Tobacco smoking
tomotherapy
Tongue
tongue cancer
tonsil
tonsil metastasis
topoisomerase IIa
total colectomy
Total dermatoscopic score
total gastrectomy
total parental nutrition
Toxicity
TP53
TPS commissioning
TRAIL
training
tram
transanal excision
Transarterial chemoemboli
transcatheter arterial ch
Transitional cell carcino
translational research
Transplant-related compli
Transrectal ultrasonograp
transverse colon
trastuzumab
Treatment
Treatment guidelines
treatment monitoring
treatment response predic
treatment verification
Trends
trends in smoking
TRIMprobTM
Triphenylethylenes
triplet
triplet regimen
Trisomy 21
TSPAN1
TTF-1
Tuberculosis
Tumor
tumor and nontumor lesion
tumor bank
tumor burden
tumor cells
Tumor lysis syndrome
Tumor marker
Tumor marker CA 15-3
Tumor markers
tumor metastasis
tumor response
tumor sample
tumor seeding
tumor size
tumor stage
Tumor staging
Tumor-associated mononucl
Tumor-like lesion
tumor-like multiple scler
Tumorigenesis
Tumorlets
Tumors macrophages
Turkish breast cancer sur
tuscany
twins
type-1 neurofibromatosis
Tyrosine kinase
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
ultrasonography
Ultrasound
Ultrasound-guided fine-ne
Umbilical nodule
unconventional cancer tre
undertreatment
undifferentiated esophage
undifferentiated nasophar
uniscale assessment
unknown primary
unknown primary site
unknown primary tumors
unresectable
Unusual metastatic sites
uPA,TIMP
upper aerodigestive cance
Upregulation
Urachal carcinoma
Urbanization
urethane
Urinary bladder metastase
urinary tract
urokinase plasminogen act
urothelial cancer
Urothelial carcinoma
Urothelial carcinoma of t
urothelium.
usage of cam
uterine cervical cancer
uterine cervix cancer
uterine cervix carcinoma
uterine metastasis
Uterine neoplasms
Uterine sarcoma
uterine serous cancer
Uterus
Uveal melanoma
UW-QOL
Vaccination
Vacuum-assisted core biop
Vaginal cancer
validation
validity
Vascular endothelial grow
vascular proliferation
Vascular tumor
vascular tumors
VE-cadherin,VEGF
vectorization
Venous thromboembolic com
Vertebral compression fra
Vertebral tumor
vertebroplasty
videoconference
Vinblastine
Vinorelbine
virtual bio repository
vitamin A
Vitamin D analogs
VM26
vocal fold paralysis
vocal folds
voice disorder
VP3
Weekly administration
Weekly docetaxel
weekly docetaxel and gemc
Weekly paclitaxel therapy
Weekly therapy
Wernicke's encephalopath
WHO histopathological cla
whole abdominal irradiati
whole brain radiotherapy
wnt signaling
Wnt-5a
women
Woringer-Kolopp disease
X-ray computed tomography
X-rays
Xenograft
yolk sac tumor
young
youth smoking
yttrium-90
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